WEIMAR REPUBLIC

The Social Democrats, who early on gained control of Parliament through a series of alignment governments, was an otherwise centrist party that nevertheless adopted repressive policies which caused long-lasting societal scars. Specifically, party leading "hit keister at the protest movement with disproportionate force, when they ought to have time-tested to get to grips with the underlying reasons why the unrest had arisen in the offshoot place" (Mommsen 1997 253). Indeed, in January, 1919, the Social Democratic leadership overreacted to willing protests in Berlin, rushing in soldiery to crush the demonstrations by force. "This they did with a vengeance. In the process of being arrested and impris sensationd ? [radical] leaders Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg were brutally murdered" (Fulbrook 1991 28). In may of that year, an attempt to set up an independent Bavarian country was likewise crushed in an armed action that claimed close to one thousand lives. Elements of the radical left, which had considerable support at the time, never forgave the Social Democrats for either of these incidents.

A key Weimar fuss from the beginning - and for that matter throughout its brief run - was the harm of German society's elite groups to give it their support. Professionals, bureaucrats, farmers, the military, the churches all tended to view Weimar in particular, and democracy in general, as a foolish try out with little chance for success. The chaos that ensued before, duri

The year 1923 saw the Weimar regime reach its infamous and large monetary crisis in the form of monstrously out-of-control inflation. Once again, the cool it of the trouble lay in a decision by the Imperial government to finance the fight with bond gross revenue rather than tax hikes - investment in which left legion(predicate) German families destitute when Germany lost the fight and the bonds were worthless. The crisis slowly came to a head after January when France and Belgium, invoking their powers under the harsh terms of the Versailles Treaty, discrete to send a total of 100,000 troops to Germany's Ruhr valley to wield coal production.

"The Germans responded with a policy of 'passive resistance,' ceasing economic production and refusing to get together with the occupation" (Fulbrook 1991 33). The need to then subsidize the Ruhr workers quickly became a major burden to the already-fragile German economy.

ng and after Weimar's root seemed to prove their point, as Germans seemed unable and unwilling to place saddle for their troubles more correctly on the just-ended war and the policies that drove it (Fulbrook 1991 10). For instance, "The boorish community had managed to preserve its privileged social position during the war ? [but afterward] its traditionally privileged status as a defend sector collapsed overnight" (Mommsen 1997 227) - and its state subsidies were cut off. Similarly, upper sum class members of the higher grades of civil service and other professionals tack together themselves impoverished and largely out of power after the war had ended. Thus, the new Weimar Republic provided a convenient target.

Exactly one week before the inflationary spiral peaked, the so-called Beer dormitory room Putsch of Munich took place. It was led by one Adolph Hitler. Government troops and local police quickly suppressed it, and it was of little meaning at the time. However, Hitler and his followers would reap national publicity from the shadowy attempt and the trial t
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The Democratic Reforms

These two superpowers found themselves booked in a build-up of nuclear arms which was intended to disapprove the other from making an unprovoked attack. This long period of inter areaal tension was finally relieved somewhat when Mikhail Gorbachev was chosen in 1985 to succeed President Konstantin Chernenko as leader of the Soviet Union. As General Secretary of the Communist fellowship, Gorbachev introduced reforms which gradually ended the wintry war between the superpowers. However, those reforms also created new tensions among the more onlyton-down members of the Communist troupe.

One of Gorbachev's reforms was known as perestroika, or "restructuring." This restructuring include a reduction in nuclear weapons, the introduction of elements of a free-market system, and an effort to decentralize the power of the Communist party. Many party hard-liners considered such reforms to be unnecessarily extreme. One issue that was oddly troubling to the party hard-liners was that of the independence of the Baltic republics of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. Gorbachev emphasized that he was touchking slow, conservative reform in this area. Nevertheless, "Gorbachev's apparent willingness to own even the idea of Baltic freedom further antagonized the hardliners and localise in motion the chain of events which led to... [the attempted] putsch d'etat" (Talbott, 1991, p. 51). another(prenominal) reform which troubled conserv

Morrow, Lance. (1991, folk 2). The Russian Revolution. Time 138: pp. 20-23.

The conspirators in the coup felt that it was serious to make their move prior to fearful 20. The significance of August 20 was contained in the fact that it was the date that Gorbachev had chosen for sign a union treaty with the Russian and Kazakhstan republics. This treaty was seen as a serious threat to the Communist party hard-liners because it was knowing to decentralize the powers of the g everyplacenment. Specifically, the treaty was intended to allow the republics to take over certain powers, such as taxation, state security, and the control of subjective resources (p. 33).

In addition, the proposed treaty was seen as a threat because it called for the installation of a new National Cabinet which would have represent some of the Communist party leaders their jobs (p. 33).

Gumbel, Peter. (1991, August 29). The vodka takeover - how not to mount a coup: The lessons from the Kremlin. Wall passageway Journal, p. A1+.

Mathews, Tom. (1991, September 2). The people vs. the plotters. Newsweek 118: pp. 34-44.

During 1990, conservative Communist party members were already starting to make plans for a coup. It is surprising that Gorbachev did not see the rebellion coming, because it had been foreshadowed "by a year of intrigues, threats and premonitions" (Keller, 1991, p. 1). Once the party leaders decided to try to overthrow the government, it became necessary to fit the Soviet soldiery involved. It was apparent that the only way the proposed coup could be successful was through the cooperation of the nation's military power. This cooperation was made easier by the fact that the Soviet Union was undergoing a decline in military power at the time. The leaders of the Soviet army were threatened not only by the structural changes that Gorbachev was pushing, but also by the fact that the Persian Gulf War had increased the U.S. military presence along the southern borders of the nation
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Middles East History & Nationalism

both(prenominal) countries remained as colonies, including Italian Libya, French Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria, and the protectorate of Kuwait. These countrys eventually gained their independence, but only after World War II ("Kuwait" 1).

In this way, warmness eastern states did non flummox forth from the Turkish empire in control of their come across destinies, but were divided by the French and the English. The inter landal community no longer advance overt colonialism, so the French and the English were able to have mandates under which the Western nations would help guide the Arab nations to self-rule. The English controlled Iraq, Jordan and paradise while the French controlled Lebanon and Syria. Saudi-Arabian Arabia was not partitioned in the aforesaid(prenominal) way although it was the most traditional of the Arab nations at the time. However, oil had not yet taken on the central importance that it would come to have following World War II ("Saudi Arabia" 1).

As the twentieth vitamin C progressed, constitutional and democratic governments failed to pass in the Middle East. Instead, Arabs were increasingly governed by totalitarian leadership whose governments were perceived as corrupt and controlled--directly or indirectly--by Western governments. The system of the state of Israel following World War II and the ripening importance of oil to the economies of the region reinforced that perception. Of

Datta, Amlan. "The Final Call." Asia-Africa Intelligence Wire (Mar 17, 2003).

This image of Egypt as a secular nation is flawed, however. Islam is the nation's official religion, and Egypt has used Islam over the past 100 long time to move from a nation that was proudly influenced by the British to a nation that more than closely identifies with its Middle Eastern neighbors. The Egyptian government over the course of the twentieth century sought to use Islam for its own purposes, encouraging rural populations to be content with their station in life, for example, and as a way to control the nationalism that has bewilder prevalent in the country (Starrett 73).

An otherwise reason that outsiders force consider Egypt a secular nation is that it has a high level of tolerance for Christians. Coptic Christians make up a large minority population within Egypt, and are grant exemptions from compulsory Islamic education in school (Starrett 49). Some Coptic government workers have also been able to take Christian holidays off even though the government itself was open. give the tolerance of Coptic Christianity compared to the perceived intolerance of non-Muslims in other Arab countries, non-Egyptians might well assume that Egypt is a secular nation more similar to Turkey than to other Middle Eastern Muslim countries.

After World War II, the creation of Israel greatly changed the politics and power structure in the Middle East. The unify States now had considerable power in the international arena, and was perceived as Israel's staunchest ally during the last part of the twentieth century by Arab nations. Although the United States sought open alliances with Arab nations, it succeeded only in gathering Iraq as a clear ally in the region. In fact, Egypt's Nasser made a show of remaining unaligned with any Western nations--at least openly--and encouraged other Arab states to do the same. chthonian Nasser, Egypt regained control of the Suez canal after more than 70 years of
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Effects of Foreign Investment

Role of extraneous enthronisation in southwesterly Africa's Development

Developments prior to the late 19th century. The source Dutch colony was established near Capetown in 1652 as a way station to the riches further East. The snow-clad hard core minority today represents in bad part, according to Waldmeir, "descendants of the original handful of Dutch, French Huguenots and German settlers who colonized this harsh and distant land in the 17th and eighteenth centuries" (1997, p. xii). Minter says that from its inception, "wool from the Cape and sugar produced by Indian labor in Natal laid the creation for an export delivery" (1986, p. 5). However, before diamonds were discovered at Kimberley in 1867 and money in the Winvatersrand near Johannesburg a decade later, the economy was largely self-sufficient, characterized by the herding and farming activities of Boer or Afrikaner farmers.

Foreign investment bully, primarily portfolio capital, flowed into southwesterly Africa in the last get out of the 19th century to develop the diamond fields and gold mines. By the turn of the century more unknown capital was invested in South Africa than in all the rest of Africa combined. The South African economy was obtaind by mineral monopolies base in London. According to Minter, "capital owned by foreign investors . . . has consistently been an important factor in the southern African mining industry, but investors permanently resident in grey Africa have also held substanti

the democracy of South Africa has always been regarded by foreign investors as a gold mine . . . where profits atomic number 18 great and problems are small. Capital is not threatened by

al ownership and ascendency" (1986, p. 15). The great British imperialist, Cecil Rhodes, controlled most of the diamond production by his De Beers Consolidated Mines. A tether local entrepreneur was the Oppenheimer family which came to dominate the production of gold and many other minerals through their Anglo-American Corporation.

Since it was founded in 1912, ANC and its leadership had been strongly influenced by Socialist (Marxist) economic and political thought.

Through most of the apartheid era ANC had been supported by the South African Communist Party (SACP), which controlled the largest black trade union, the telling of South African Trade Unions (COSATU). According to Waldmeir, "ANC economic opening was dominated by [SACP]; the party believed that it had to control economic production, in order to redistribute wealth" (1997, p. 252). As a leading plank of its platform, the Freedom Charter, adopted in 1955, ANC favored the communization of the mines, banks and other monopoly industries. According to Waldmeir, "a strong suspicion of capitalism and 'big business' . . . pervaded the ranks of the ANC" (1997, p. 253).

First moral (1963) and then mandatory (1977) sanctions on weapons system shipments had been approved by the coupled Nations, but, for primarily reasons of cold struggle politics, economic sanctions against South Africa failed to make much headway because of the resistor of the principal western powers, the United States and Great Britain. The American exporting Import Bank had imposed a freeze on loans to South Africa in 1978 during the administration of prexy Jimmy Carter. Neither, however, President Ronald Reagan nor Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher favored sanctions.

In fact, after the United States Congress, pursuant to the Comprehensive Anti Apartheid Act of 1986,
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Theatre vs. DVD

But there's a downside to theatres as strong. You feed to drive to it, let parking, walk to the theatre, buy tickets and refreshments, find your multiplex, get a seat, take off your coat, and place your popcorn and soda in their appropriate places. Food idler spill the beans and things get lost in the dark. Other people in the theatre may be annoying, distracting, disruptive, rude, and loud. The sound may be turned up so high that it's painful. And it costs a lot of money to go out to a movie, blush more if you have kids and need a baby- setting hen.

Watching a DVD on your home TV or figurer screen has some advantages as well as downsides. speckle the screen size is impossibly smaller than the theatre screen, you loafer compensate for that shortcoming to some extent by piteous closer to the screen. But although a wide aspect ratio such as the letter box format faeces be viewed on a home screen, it is far little captivating than the larger version in the theatre. External speakers can make up somewhat for the loss of phone prize at home, besides clearly the theatre wins on visit and sound. The whole advantage of home-viewing, however, is the fact that you're at home. You're free to form the film when it suits your fancy, stop or pause it for any reason, and regular(a) view sections repeatedly. You can watch it in bed, on the sofa, or riding your exercise machine. But unless you have an isolated, relatively sound-proofed elbow room which can completely darkened, the outside world invariably

Edward Jay Epstein. Hollywood's Death Spiral. Slate. August 1, 2005. http://www.slate.com/id/2123588/

There are many circumstances when going to a theatre to conform to a movie presents difficulties that one would rather avoid. The weather talent be unpleasant or unsafe.

Parking cleverness be hard to come by or expensive. One's schedule may not fit the theatre's scheduled showing times. Bad experiences with early(a) members of previous audiences qualification make you think twice astir(predicate) repeating the experience. Fatigue or ill health might make going to the theatre too exhausting. Playing the aforementioned(prenominal) film at home on DVD might be just the right solution to these problems, as well as making the need for a baby sitter moot. Sure, the picture and sound are not as good, but in your own home you control the audience, showing time, the weft of refreshments available, and the comfort of the viewers - as well as the audio level.

intrudes from time to time, whether it's a jet going overhead, the siren of an speck vehicle, the dog next door, or simply the sunlight hit the screen through Venetian blinds. And when the DVD is over you have to return it to the rental place, unless you own it.

While the viewing conditions at most theatres are almost always better
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Joseph Losey's Work

For one thing, the audience sack outs for certain(p) who is guilty from the first and so never questions whether or not the young man is guilty--we know him to be innocent. We too know that the stick quickly fastens on the correct grampus. The delineation consequently becomes both a race against time and a mental battle between the father and the killer.

The film makes a healthy contrast between the father and the killer, one that in any(prenominal) objective sense would seem to give the game to the killer. The father is a man whose life is in ruins, while the killer seems successful in every way. Stanford, the killer, is a successful industrialist who has lift through the force of his own ad hominemity and his willingness to do whatever he deems necessary to achieve his goals, clearly even to the floor of murder. The one atomic number 18a of failure for Stanford is his marriage--he has married a cleaning woman socially superior to himself in order to achieve a higher place in Britain's stratified society, but he does not love her and is constantly irked by her pretensions and her condescension toward him. This per paroleal failure is the one link he has with Graham. Stanford is always pursuance to run every situation, and his wife is one thing he cannot lock. The fact that he takes to Graham as he does reflects his regard to control this situation as well. He knows who Graham is, and he kn

ows Graham is after him. Yet, he keeps Graham nearby, watching him and--he thinks--controlling him.

Losey, Joseph. Chance Meeting. Paramount, 1959.

Losey's later films seem dissimilar on the surface from these earlier works, but there are themes found in Time Without Pity that can also be found in The Go-Between (1970) and The Romantic Englishwoman (1975), for example. there are clearly considerations of class difference and societal control in these films, as there is in the somewhat opposite Mr. Klein (1977), and there are intimations of the intruder in each film as well. In The Go-Between, the young son who helps the lovers is a theatrical role of intruder into the homes of the two, and the lover is himself an intruder into a social class that rejects him so that he kills himself.

The theme of the individual against the group is use here, and the group has all the power over the lives of the lovers, leaving the boy disillusioned as he faces his own future with the intimacy that it will be shaped more by right(prenominal) forces than by his own desires and abilities.

Graham, for his part, is a man with no control at all. He has failed in his life so on the whole that he seems an unlikely candidate to do anything for his son. Yet, he undertakes the designate with a single-mindedness that is ultimately unstoppable. The obsession this father has for saving his son overcomes his natural tendency to hide from life in a bottle. Finally, he has to surrender his life to save his son's, a hand that also becomes an inversion of the expected outcome for his son--that is, what was supposed to be the remainder day in the young man's life becomes the last day in his father's life.

Losey, Joseph. Time Without Pity. Harlequin, 1957.

Losey, Joseph. The Go-Between. Columbia, 1970.

One of Losey's last films in America before his exile to Europe was The Prowler, another disgust film which creates a sense of social oppression and which uses the melodrama of the plot of ground as a sprin
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The Forces of Organizational Behavior

Our organizational mission is to set up meals for the children, so effectively they are our customers. Beca intake the USDA food program requires us to serve the food even if the child pull up stakes not eat it, this causes a lot of waste that we are attempting to combat by serving ice cream on Fridays as an incentive for the children to eat their vegetables.

The primary external top executive operative at Hudson Group is globalization. The management decided to count on the global marketplace, and this transition was accomplished through a summons that took the company through three stages-passive response, initial overt entry, and naturalised worldwide operations. In Stage I, passive response is initiated when managers export the company's products to conflicting countries, a minimal-risk approach that does not involve tapping unconnected markets. Many companies stop at this stage if their only foreign business is mail-order business. In Stage II, the managers commit overtly to change products in foreign countries or to having them manufactured abroad, but the company's employees simmer down reside in the home country. Domestic employees are displace on regular business trips abroad, or foreign agents or brokers are hired to represent the organization's product line, and manufacturing managers produce the products by contracting with a foreign firm. In S

Chapter 3-Key Forces in the External Environment. (n.d.). Institutional Assessment. IDRC. Retrieved on January 11, 2010 from: hypertext transfer protocol://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-28364-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html

tage III, managers are strongly committed to the pursuit of international markets, either through licensing agreements or by franchising the right to use the brand name to another firm.

Globalization makes the world "shrink," and at Hudson Group we therefore have new markets to conquer in addition to already trained workers in Hungary, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic. unity of our challenges is managing in countries with a different culture than ours and finding shipway to make our interaction effective.

Cuts, D. (n.d.). Business Environment. Retrieved on January 11, 2010 from: http://www.articlesnatch.com/ name/Business-Environment/252704

The third organization, Asphalt Paving Company, does not have a well-defined organizational mission, although it is generally accepted that the company is in business to pave roads and driveways. As one psychoanalyst points out, "Changes in major economic variables have a material impact on the marketplace" (Cuts), and the economy plays a flop role in this company's business, because it directly affects the construction of new buildings and the associated approachability of jobs for us. When the economy is lagging, as it is right now, credit dri
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