Effects of the Tactic of Withholding Unpaid Teaching Time

4 percent in 1966 to 18.3 percent in 1991, declining slightly from 1971 to 1976 (NEA 45). Meanwhile, there is evidence of regional variation in the length of the compensated teacher magazine, with virtually reported work weeks of 35 or fewer hours in the Northeast and 40 hours or more in the westmost and South (NEA 44-6).

The issue of sentence management for teachers has come to the onwards in recent years, on two related fronts in particular: school shed light on and teacher contract provisions. Indeed, nonpareil headline in the literature explains that school reform "ain't 'bout nuttin' plainly time" (McGhan 337); the article says that teachers cannot implement policies calling for educational reform because in addition to instructional time they are undeniable to devote time to clerical duties (i.e., not lesson plans), and notes that the National genteelness Association, the principal teachers' union, calls for contractual time for lesson preparation.

Such calls read been translated into pose action on the contractual front, in a build of venues. In April 1986, after nine months of contract negotiations reached an impasse all over salary increases, some 550 secondary and elementary school teachers in Burbank, California, voted to boycott spring open house evenings, at which parents and teachers have traditionally conferred regarding students. Some teachers also refused to turn in contour reports to school administrators. Instead, teach

Enriquez, Sam, and Gordon, Larry."Accord Reached in School Strike District, L.A. Teachers Agree Tentatively on 24% Salary Hike." Los Angeles Times, 25 whitethorn 1989: Home ed., 1.

promote educational and competitors for limited

A third view of the issue of how to encourage teachers' passkey tuition has arisen in situations where seminars have been create into the normal work day of teachers by the institutions. However, time that teachers spend in such seminars is time away from the classrooms--presumably the principal focus of the teaching experience.

As Fuhrman and Elmore (293ff) foreland out, education reform has tended to favor the view that teacher go breeding should take place not as an cheating(a) exercise for teachers but as part of the normal workday. However, the detail that for a teacher the normal workday is spent in the classroom with students means that there is a paradox built in to the rush-development process. Fuhrman and Elmore cite the use of waivers, particularly in working capital and Texas, of required student school days, i.e., cancellation of classes to allow teacher career development. Budget limitations were the reason that waivers were preferred to substitute teaching or extended teacher contracts. In other words, teachers attending development seminars were kept on salary, but no additional bills was going to be spent on substitute teachers or on paying the teachers additional salary for career development purposes.

Marcano, Tony. "Letter From District Warns Teachers That Homework Ban Violates Contract. Los Angeles Times, 2 May 1990: Orange County ed., B9.

Also unresolved is the delicate and complex foreland of who should run the district's 600 schools. Should the authority remain almost solely with administrators, or should teachers share the power? Or parents? Or some gang of the three? . . . (Woo 1).

Raywid (passim) cites a number of studies undertaken since 1980 showing that "finding" time for
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